The meninges is a source of retinoic acid for the late-developing hindbrain

One general function for retinoic acid (RA) is pattern organization in the CNS. This regulatory factor has an essential role in spinal cord motor neuron and early posterior hindbrain development. In the anterior CNS, however, there is only a limited number of foci of RA synthesis, and less attention has been placed on regions such as the anterior hindbrain where RA synthesizing enzymes are absent. This study shows that a rich source of RA lies around the hindbrain from the RA synthetic enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (RALDH2) present in the surrounding meninges and mesenchyme by embryonic day 13. RALDH2 is not distributed uniformly throughout the meninges but is restricted to territories over the developing hindbrain, suggesting that RA signaling may be localized to those regions. Further regulation of RA signaling is provided by the presence of a RA sink in the form of the CYP26B1 RA catabolic enzyme expressed in deeper regions of the brain. As a guide to the neural anatomy of hindbrain RA signaling, we used a mouse transgenic for a lacZ reporter gene driven by a RA response element (RAREhsplacZ) to identify regions of RA signaling. This reporter mouse provides evidence that RA signaling in the hindbrain after embryonic day 13 occurs in the regions of the cerebellum and precerebellar system adjacent to sources of RA, including the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei

Dynamic UAV Swarm Collaboration for Multi-Targets Tracking under Malicious Jamming: Joint Power, Path and Target Association Optimization

In this paper, the multi-target tracking (MTT) with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm is investigated in the presence of jammers, where UAVs in the swarm communicate with each other to exchange information of targets during tracking. The communication between UAVs suffers from severe interference, including inter-UAV interference and jamming, thus leading to a deteriorated quality of MTT. To mitigate the interference and achieve MTT, we formulate a interference minimization problem by jointly optimizing UAV's sub-swarm division, trajectory, and power, subject to the constraint of MTT, collision prevention, flying ability, and UAV energy consumption. Due to the multiple coupling of sub-swarm division, trajectory, and power, the proposed optimization problem is NP-hard. To solve this challenging problem, it is decomposed into three subproblems, i.e., target association, path plan, and power control. First, a cluster-evolutionary target association (CETA) algorithm is proposed, which involves dividing the UAV swarm into the multiple sub-swarms and individually matching these sub-swarms to targets. Second, a jamming-sensitive and singular case tolerance (JSSCT)-artificial potential field (APF) algorithm is proposed to plan trajectory for tracking the targets. Third, we develop a jamming-aware mean field game (JA-MFG) power control scheme, where a novel cost function is established considering the total interference. Finally, to minimize the total interference, a dynamic collaboration approach is designed. Simulation results validate that the proposed dynamic collaboration approach reduces average total interference, tracking steps, and target switching times by 28%, 33%, and 48%, respectively, comparing to existing baselines.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figure

Regional Medical Platform Based on Middleware

Abstract: In order to realize the sharing of medical data and solve the current situation of excessive medical treatment and waste of resources between patients and medical institutions, medical information interface engine is used to set up different levels of middleware interface. According to the international standard of medical information, the data format is defined, and the management, sharing and transmission of medical data are realized by using middleware software technology

Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Recognition System of Herbal Medicine on Mobile Terminal Based on Android Platform

Abstract: In order to recognize the Chinese herbal medicine our side and to provide the help for the Chinese herbal medicine lovers, we design a kind of recognition system of herbal medicine by our mobile terminal based on the Android platform. By the application software in our mobile terminal we achieve the Chinese herbal medicine recognition application to meet the requirements of Chinese herbal medicine. The application is focus the functions on storing the information of Chinese herbal medicine by database and querying the information from the database so as to recognize the Chinese herbal medicine by comparison. The system is accomplished with Android platform and Java programming. By the application, we can recognize the Chinese herbal medicine our side by our mobile terminals conveniently

Effect of the degree of dispersion of Pt over MgAl2O4 on the catalytic hydrogenation of benzaldehyde

\ One of the central tasks in the field of heterogeneous catalysis is to establish structure-function relationships for these catalysts, especially for precious metals dispersed on the sub-nanometer scale. Here, we report the preparation of MgAl2O4-supported Pt nanoparticles, amorphous aggregates and single atoms, and evaluate their ability to catalyze the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde. The Pt species were characterized by N-2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (ACTEM), CO chemisorption and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the chemisorbed CO, as well as by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. They existed as isolated or neighboring single atoms on the MgAl2O4 support, and formed amorphous Pt aggregates and then nanocrystallites with increased Pt loading. On the MgAl2O4 support, single Pt atoms were highly active in the selective catalytic hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. The terrace atoms of the Pt particles were more active but less selective; this was presumably due to their ability to form bridged carbonyl adsorbates. The MgAl2O4-supported single-atom Pt catalyst is a novel catalyst with a high precious atom efficiency and excellent catalytic hydrogenation ability and selectivity. (C) 2017, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Microarray-based genotyping and detection of drug-resistant HBV mutations from 620 Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection

Background: Research has shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are closely linked to the clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of the disease.Objective: To study the association between genotype and drug-resistant HBV mutations in 620 Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection.Methods: HBV DNA levels were determined using real-time quantitative PCR in plasma samples. Microarrays were performed for the simultaneous detection of HBV genotypes (HBV/B, C, and D) and drug-resistance-related hotspot mutations. A portion of the samples analyzed using microarrays was selected randomly and the data were confirmed using direct DNA sequencing.Results: Most samples were genotype C (471/620; 76.0%), followed by genotype B (149/620; 24.0%). Among the 620 patient samples, 17 (2.7%) had nucleotide analogs (NA) resistance-related mutations. Of these, nine and eight patients carried lamivudine (LAM)-/telbivudine (LdT)-resistance mutations (rtL180M, rtM204I/V) and adefovir (ADV)-resistance mutations (rtA181T/V, rtN236T), respectively. No patients had both lamivudine (LAM)- and either ade-fovir (ADV) or entecavir (ETV) resistance mutations. Additionally, out of the 620 patient samples, 64.0% (397/620) were also detected with the precore stop-codon mutation (G1896A) by microarray assay.Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that the prevalence of nucleotide analogs (NA)-resistance in Chinese hospitalized HBV-positive patients was so low that intensive nucleotide analogs (NA)-resistance testing before nucleotide analog (NA) treatment might not be required. In addition, the present study suggests that chronic HBV patients with genotype C were infected with fitter viruses and had an increased prevalence of nucleotide analogs (NA)-resistance mutations compared to genotype B virus